White Papers

This collection of research highlights how Size Stream’s 3D body scanning technology is used, tested, and validated across industries. From academic studies to applied research, these papers provide insight into measurement accuracy, data reliability, and real-world use cases—supporting smarter decisions in apparel, health, and wellness.


The impact of different body surface area prediction equations on ventricular dilatation prevalence in youth soccer players

Objective: This study aimed to assess the accuracy of different predictive equations for estimating body surface area (BSA) in youth soccer players and to evaluate how the choice of BSA normalization influences echocardiographic….

A Comparative Anthropometric Analysis of U.S. Female Firefighters Versus the General Female Population

Objective: This study identifies significant anthropometric differences between U.S. female firefighters and the general female population, emphasizing the need for a specialized sizing system for personal protective clothing (PPC). Findings indicate ….

Advancements in Body Composition Assessment Using Mobile Devices

Objective: The study discusses the development and evaluation of mobile 3D body scanning technology for assessing body composition. The study analyzed data from 209 scans of 118 individuals using the 4-compartment (4C) model for body….

Clinical Anthropometrics and Body Composition from 3-Dimensional Optical Imaging

Objective: The study highlights digital anthropometric systems providing quick, accurate body size and composition assessments through automated 3D avatars and reports. One system includes a rotating platform with cameras and a tablet, while the other uses….

Equations for Smartphone Prediction of Adiposity and Appendicular Lean Mass in Youth Soccer Players

Objective: The study investigates the reproducibility and validity of using smartphone-based digital anthropometry, specifically the Mobile Fit app, for predicting body composition….

Checker: Real-Time Scan Quality Checking and Associated User Experience

Objective: The document discusses “CHECKER,” a real-time scan quality checking system designed to enhance the user experience in mobile 3D body scanning. Developed by Size Stream, the system…

Improvements in Mobile 3D Body Scanning and Body Measurement

Objective: The paper aims to showcase advancements in mobile 3D body scanning and measurement technologies developed by Size Stream. These advancements focus on improving accuracy, efficiency, and….

Accuracy of a Low-Cost 2D Optical Imaging System for Automated Anthropometry in Research and Clinical Settings

​Objective: The paper evaluates the accuracy of a low-cost 2D optical imaging system, the MS-1 (Size Stream), compared to professional-grade 3D scanners and traditional anthropometry….

Mobile phone applications for 3-dimensional scanning and digital anthropometry: a precision comparison with traditional scanners

Objective: The article evaluates the precision of digital anthropometry through 3-dimensional (3D) scanning. Historical methods using large, expensive, non-portable systems has been well established. This study explores….

Evaluation of Automated Anthropometrics Produced by Smartphone-Based Machine Learning: A Comparison with Traditional Anthropometric Assessments

Objective: The study evaluates the accuracy and reliability of smartphone-based automated anthropometric assessments compared to traditional tape measurements. It aims to….

Validity and Reliability of a Mobile Digital Imaging Analysis Trained by a Four-Compartment Model

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the precision and agreement of a DIA application with developmental software trained by a 4-compartment (4C) model using an actual 4C model as….

Anthropometric Evaluation of a 3D Scanning Mobile Application

Objective: The study aims to compare waist, hip, upper arm, and midthigh circumference measurements acquired by a free downloadable app (MeThreeSixty; Size Stream, Cary, North Carolina) and a…

Man vs. Machine: Measuring People for the Apparel Industry

Objective: The paper compares manual body measurements taken by skilled apparel professionals with those obtained from a Size Stream SS20 3D body scanner. The goal is to assess the reliability…

Body F.A.T – Formulas of Adipose Tissue

Objective: This paper presents and validates new formulas for estimating human body fat content, developed by Size Stream, using data from their SS20 3D body scanner and…

Novel Body Fat Estimation Using Machine Learning and 3-Dimensional Optical Imaging

Objective: Develop and validate a new method for estimating body fat percentage (BF%) using anthropometric data obtained through 3-dimensional optical imaging (3DO) and a gold-standard…

Size Stream Body Mass Formulas

Objective: Development of a new formula for estimating human body mass using data from Size Stream SS20 3D body scans. These formulas were developed and cross-validated using a diverse set of over 1,790 human 3D body scans (of 179 individuals). Machine learning techniques were…